Constitutive models are based on phenomenological curve-fitting 15, energy-based formulations 6 and physically based relationships 16, 17, 18.įar less is known about the tearing of skin. In arterial walls, for example, collagen fibril straightening, reorientation and elastic stretching have all been identified 10, 11, 12, akin to their alignment on stretching in tendons 13, 14. Deformation in collagen involves several distinct stages 9. Most work on its mechanical deformation has focused on the collagen, the main structural component of the dermis 8.

Skin is often considered as a nonlinear-elastic material with low strain-rate sensitivity 6, 7. The existence of Langer’s lines is well recognized indeed, surgeons find that incisions made along the lines close easily and heal rapidly, whereas incisions perpendicular to the lines tend to pull open, with prolonged healing and scarring 5. This led to Langer’s proposal of lines representing the anisotropic nature of the skin that follow directions where the skin is under most tension 4. Doubting the patient’s truthfulness due to the elliptical shape of the wounds, Dupuytren found that perforations made from an awl may either narrow or broaden depending on the tension of the skin across the wound. Research into skin’s mechanical properties began in 1831 when Guillaume Dupuytren 3 observed a patient who had stabbed himself over the heart three times with a stiletto having a circular cross-section. To fulfill its multifunctional role, skin must possess a tailored mechanical response to accommodate the body’s flexibility and movement coupled with damage minimization strategies to prevent tearing. Its major constituents are type-1 collagen and elastin: collagen provides mechanical resistance to extension, whereas elastin accommodates the deformation 2. Skin consists of three layers, epidermis, dermis and endodermis, with mechanical properties dictated primarily by the dermis, the thickest layer. Vertebrates are covered with organ skin, which provides protection from the environment, temperature regulation, camouflage, thermal energy collection and a host for embedded sensors 1.

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